Health Promotion International, Vol 12, 225-232, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
C Hagquist and B Starrin
School is considered to be a very important arena for health education
among children and adolescents. Within the field of health education in
school, there are nowadays manifold methods, models and directions. A
typology of different models for health education in schools is accounted
for in this article. The typology is built up partly from the strategy for
change-top-down or bottom-up-which is characterized by health education,
and partly from the contextual framework narrow or wide-within which health
education is carried on. In this way, four different main types of models
can be perceived. (in) Traditional education models
which are characterized by a top-down strategy for change and a narrow
contextual framework. These models are mainly practised in the classroom
and the pupils are for the most part passive receivers of information. (ii)
Modern educational models which are characterized by a
bottom-up strategy for change and a narrow contextual framework. In these
models the pupils take an active part. These models are mainly practised in
the classroom. (iii) Planner models which are
characterized by a top-down strategy for change and a wide contextual
framework. In these models the entire school, and sometimes also the
community outside, is included in health education. The models are often
characterized by being health work for, rather than with and by, pupils,
even if pupil participation is sometimes focused. (iv)
Empowerment models which are characterized by a
bottom-up strategy for change and a wide contextual framework. In these
models participant-orientation is essential and the school environment and
social conditions are considered to be important for health education.
Empowerment models can partly be seen as an answer to the criticism of
principle that health education is traditionally being subjected to as
regards aim, direction and contents. In this paper, empowerment models are
described and discussed, as a suggestion as to how school pupils can be
enabled to participate in a programme of change concerning both lifestyles
and environment.Key words: empowerment; health
education; schools; youth
ARTICLES
Perspectives. Health education in schools - from information to empowerment models
Centre for Public Health Research, County Council of Varmland, Sweden; Corresponding author at: Centre for Public Health Research, PO Bx 9104, S-65009, Karlstad, Sweden
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