Health Promotion International, Vol. 18, No. 1, 41-50,
March 2003
© Oxford University Press 2003
Reaching hard-to-reach, high-risk populations: piloting a health promotion and diabetes disease prevention programme on an urban marae in New Zealand
1Department of Rural Health, University of Melbourne, Shepparton, Victoria, Australia and 2Community Research and Evaluation Services, 69 Woolfield Road, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand
Address for correspondence: Professor David Simmons, PO Box 6500, Shepparton, Victoria 3632, Australia, E-mail: dsimmons{at}unimelb.edu.au
Maori and other indigenous peoples experience a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. A pivotal question is how primary and secondary preventative initiatives might be more effectively targeted to embrace those who are at highest risk of developing diabetes and its complications. This paper proposes that, in the case of Maori, as a high-risk population, conventional approaches are insufficient, and that increased consideration needs to be given to how the settings in which health education and services are offered may influence diabetes prevention and earlier diagnosis. Traditionally, the hub of Maori culture and everyday life is the marae, a place where Maori identity, values and cultural practices are affirmed within an over-arching spiritual dimension. We have investigated the potential utility of an urban marae and its member network as a setting for a lifestyle programme focused around diabetes prevention. The research included a cross sectional survey of behavioural and metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and qualitative data collection as part of a formative and process evaluation of a lifestyle programme established at the marae and connected venues. The programme attracted 436 participants. The majority knew little about diabetes, had low levels of vigorous activity and high intakes of fatty foods. A family history of diabetes was present in >40% of participants. Undiagnosed diabetes, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, smoking and self-reported excessive alcohol consumption were common. The advent of diabetes education, a healthy lifestyle support programme, and exercise sessions at the marae and connected venues served as the impetus for the marae community to take over the running of their own health promotion programme, including a declaration of their marae as a ‘smoke-free’ venue. It is proposed that marae can be useful settings for lifestyle programmes aimed at controlling the diabetes and obesity epidemic in New Zealand.
Key words: disease prevention; high-risk population; Maori; obesity; type 2 diabetes; urban marae