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Health Promotion International, Vol. 19, No. 1, 51-59, March 2004
© Oxford University Press 2004. All rights reserved

Issues of participation, ownership and empowerment in a community development programme: tackling smoking in a low-income area in Scotland

Deborah Ritchie1,, Odette Parry2, Wendy Gnich2 and Steve Platt2

1Department of Sociology, Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh, UK and 2Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, University of Edinburgh, UK

Address for correspondence: Deborah Ritchie, Department of Sociology, Queen Margaret University College, Clerwood Terrace, Edinburgh EH12 8TS, UK, E-mail: dritchie{at}qmuc.ac.uk

Founded on community development principles and practice, the ‘Breathing Space’ initiative aimed to produce a significant shift in community norms towards non-toleration and non-practice of smoking in a low-income area in Edinburgh, Scotland. The effectiveness of Breathing Space was evaluated using a quasi-experimental design, which incorporated a process evaluation in order to provide a description of the development and implementation of the intervention. Drawing on qualitative data from the process evaluation, this paper explores the varied and sometimes competing understandings of the endeavour held by those implementing the intervention. The paper examines the principles that underpin health promotion in the community setting, particularly the concepts of ownership, empowerment and participation, and their differential interpretation and employment by participants. The data illustrate how these varied understandings had implications for the joint planning and implementation of Breathing Space objectives. In addition, the different understandings raise questions about the appropriateness and viability of utilizing community development approaches in this context.

Key words: community development; empowerment; process evaluation; smoking


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